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===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>=====
2000<br>
United States
===== Definition =====

Metropolitan segregation refers to the spatial separation of different social, economic, and racial or ethnic groups within a metropolitan area. It occurs when certain neighborhoods or areas become predominantly inhabited by specific groups, resulting in limited interaction and integration between different communities.

There are several factors that contribute to metropolitan segregation. Historical patterns of residential segregation, discriminatory practices such as redlining, and unequal access to housing and opportunities have all played a role in shaping the spatial organization of cities. Economic disparities, racial or ethnic tensions, and cultural differences also contribute to the perpetuation of segregation.

Metropolitan segregation has significant social and economic implications. It often leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities, such as quality education, healthcare, and employment. It also exacerbates social divisions, reinforces stereotypes, and perpetuates inequalities. Additionally, segregated neighborhoods can experience higher crime rates, poorer infrastructure, and limited social mobility.

Efforts to address metropolitan segregation include policies aimed at promoting fair housing, increasing economic opportunities in disadvantaged areas, and investing in infrastructure and public services in segregated neighborhoods. Community organizing, grassroots initiatives, and public awareness campaigns also play a crucial role in fostering integration and reducing segregation.

Despite these efforts, metropolitan segregation remains a complex and deeply entrenched issue. It requires comprehensive and sustained actions on multiple levels, including government policies, community engagement, and individual attitudes, to create more inclusive and equitable metropolitan areas.
===== Synonyms =====
The following terms are synonymous with metropolitan segregation:

metropolitan level segregation; metro segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.
==See also==
==Related segregation forms==
Metropolitan segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

[[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[racial residential segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[income segregation]], [[ethnic segregation]], [[ethnoracial segregation]], [[multischool racial segregation]], [[metropolitan school segregation]], [[class segregation]], [[tract segregation]], [[metropolitan area segregation]], [[housing segregation]], [[ethnic residential segregation]], [[metropolitan housing segregation]], [[black white segregation]], [[black segregation]], [[msa segregation]], [[socioeconomic segregation]], [[hispanic white segregation]], [[school district segregation]]
[[File:metropolitan_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]].

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication]

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters]

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality]

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).]
==References==
==Notes==
<references />
{{NoteAI}}
==Metropolitan segregation appears in the following literature==

Reardon S.F., Yun J.T., Eitle T.M. (2). The changing structure of school segregation: Measurement and evidence of multiracial metropolitan area school segregation, 1989 1995. ''Demography'', ''37''(3), 351-364. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.2307/2648047

Clotfelter C.T. (2001). Are whites still fleeing? Racial patterns and enrollment shifts in urban public schools, 1987 1996. ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'', ''20''(2), 199-221. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.2022

White M.J., Fong E., Cai Q. (2003). The segregation of Asian origin groups in the United States and Canada. ''Social Science Research'', ''32''(1), 148-167. Academic Press Inc..https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(02)00023-6

Fischer C.S., Stockmayer G., Stiles J., Hout M. (2004). Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960 2000. ''Demography'', ''41''(1), 37-59. Duke University Press.https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2004.0002

Gordon T.M. (2004). Moving up by moving out? Planned developments and residential segregation in California. ''Urban Studies'', ''41''(2), 441-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000165334

Fischer M.J. (2008). Shifting geographies: Examining the role of suburbanization in blacks' declining segregation. ''Urban Affairs Review'', ''43''(4), 475-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087407305499

Farrell C.R. (2008). Bifurcation, fragmentation or integration? The racial and geographical structure of US metropolitan segregation, 1990 2000. ''Urban Studies'', ''45''(3), 467-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098007087332

Frankenberg E. (2009). Splintering school districts: Understanding the link between segregation and fragmentation. ''Law and Social Inquiry'', ''34''(4), 869-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01166.x

Freeman L. (2009). Neighbourhood diversity, metropolitan segregation and gentrification: What are the links in the US?. ''Urban Studies'', ''46''(10), 2079-2101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009339426

Defina R., Hannon L. (201). Increasing diversity and the future of U.S. Housing segregation. ''Neighborhood and Life Chances: How Place Matters in Modern America'', 271-287. University of Pennsylvania Press.https://doi.org/

vonLockette N.D. (201). The impact of metropolitan residential segregation on the employment chances of blacks and whites in the United States. ''City and Community'', ''9''(3), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01332.x

Warner E.T., Gomez S.L. (201). Impact of neighborhood racial composition and metropolitan residential segregation on disparities in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival between black and white women in California. ''Journal of Community Health'', ''35''(4), 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9265-2

Iceland J., Goyette K.A., Nelson K.A., Chan C. (201). Racial and ethnic residential segregation and household structure: A research note. ''Social Science Research'', ''39''(1), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.06.006

Hutson M.A., Wilson S. (2011). The role of community based strategies in addressing metropolitan segregation and racial health disparities. ''Community Development'', ''42''(4), 476-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2011.588067

Hyra D.S., Squires G.D., Renner R.N., Kirk D.S. (2013). Metropolitan Segregation and the Subprime Lending Crisis. ''Housing Policy Debate'', ''23''(1), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2012.697912

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (2014). The fragmentation of metropolitan public school districts and the segregation of American schools: A longitudinal analysis. ''Teachers College Record'', ''116''(12), -. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Lichter D.T., Parisi D., Taquino M.C. (2015). Toward a New Macro Segregation? Decomposing Segregation within and between Metropolitan Cities and Suburbs. ''American Sociological Review'', ''80''(4), 843-873. American Sociological Association.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415588558

Orfield M. (2015). Milliken, Meredith, and metropolitan segregation. ''UCLA Law Review'', ''62''(2), 364-462. American Statistical Association.https://doi.org/

Farrell C.R. (2016). Immigrant suburbanisation and the shifting geographic structure of metropolitan segregation in the United States. ''Urban Studies'', ''53''(1), 57-76. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014558537

Do D.P., Frank R., Iceland J. (2017). Black white metropolitan segregation and self rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty. ''Social Science and Medicine'', ''187''(), 85-92. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.010

Talen E. (2017). Neighborhood social diversity and metropolitan segregation. ''In The Post-Urban World: Emergent Transformation of Cities and Regions in the Innovative Global Economy'', 274-291. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315672168

Galster G., Santiago A. (2017). Neighbourhood ethnic composition and outcomes for low income Latino and African American children. ''Urban Studies'', ''54''(2), 482-500. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015598067

Stroub K.J., Richards M.P. (2017). Suburbanizing segregation? Changes in racial/ethnic diversity and the geographic distribution of metropolitan school segregation, 2002 2012. ''Teachers College Record'', ''119''(7), 1-40. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Arcaya M.C., Schwartz G., Subramanian S.V. (2018). A multi level modeling approach to understanding residential segregation in the United States. ''Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science'', ''45''(6), 1090-1105. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808318760858

Do D.P., Locklar L.R.B., Florsheim P. (2019). Triple jeopardy: the joint impact of racial segregation and neighborhood poverty on the mental health of black Americans. ''Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology'', ''54''(5), 533-541. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopff Verlag GmbH and Co. KG.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01654-5

Hall M., Iceland J., Yi Y. (2019). Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings. ''Population Research and Policy Review'', ''38''(5), 671-694. Springer Netherlands.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-019-09510-9

Richards M.P., Stroub K.J. (202). Metropolitan public school district segregation by race and income, 2000 2011. ''Teachers College Record'', ''122''(5), 21-41. Teachers College, Columbia University.https://doi.org/

Hess C., Acolin A., Walter R., Kennedy I., Chasins S., Crowder K. (2021). Searching for housing in the digital age: Neighborhood representation on internet rental housing platforms across space, platform, and metropolitan segregation. ''Environment and Planning A'', ''53''(8), 2012-2032. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X211034177

Hashimoto Y. (2021). Racing the creative class: diversity, racialized discourses of work, and colorblind redevelopment. ''Urban Geography'', ''42''(4), 528-550. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1731180

Hyra D., Squires G.D., Renner R., Kirk D.S. (2022). Metropolitan segregation and the subprime lending crisis: Housing Policy Debate, 2012. ''The Affordable Housing Reader'', 396-414. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429299377-35

Maniere E. (2022). A “Most Conscientious and Considerate Method”: Residential Segregation and Integrationist Activism in Grosse Pointe, Michigan, 1960 1970. ''Journal of Urban History'', -. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/00961442211066936

Haupert T. (2022). New Technology, Old Patterns: Fintech Lending, Metropolitan Segregation, and Subprime Credit. ''Race and Social Problems'', ''14''(4), 293-307. Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09353-0

Jang J.B., Hicken M.T., Mullins M., Esposito M., Sol K., Manly J.J., Judd S., Wadley V., Clarke P.J. (2022). Racial Segregation and Cognitive Function among Older Adults in the United States: Findings from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. ''Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences'', ''77''(6), 1132-1143. Gerontological Society of America.https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab107

Crowell A., Fossett M. (2022). Metropolitan racial residential segregation in the United States: A microlevel and cross context analysis of Black, Latino, and Asian segregation. ''Demographic Research'', ''46''(), 217-260. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research.https://doi.org/10.4054/DEMRES.2022.46.8

Metropolitan segregation - Revision history

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