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===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>=====
2003<br>
South Africa
===== Definition =====

Forced segregation refers to the governmental or institutional policy of separating different racial or ethnic groups, often based on criteria such as skin color or national origin. This practice has been used historically to establish and maintain racial hierarchy and control, particularly in the context of racism and discrimination against minority groups. Forced segregation can manifest in various forms, such as separate schools, housing, public facilities, transportation, and communities for different racial or ethnic groups. It has been a significant issue in many countries, particularly during periods of heightened racial tension and social inequality. Examples of forced segregation include apartheid in South Africa, the Jim Crow laws in the United States, and the Indian residential school system in Canada.
==See also==
==Related segregation forms==
Forced segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

[[school segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[voluntary residential segregation]]
[[File:forced_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]].

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication]

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters]

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality]

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).]
==References==
==Notes==
<references />
{{NoteAI}}
==Forced segregation appears in the following literature==

DEUTSCHER M., CHEIN I. (1948). The psychological effects of enforced segregation; a survey of social science opinion. ''The Journal of psychology'', ''26''(), 259-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1948.9917408

Swartz L. (1985). Issues for cross cultural psychiatric research in South Africa. ''Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry'', ''9''(1), 59-74. Kluwer Academic Publishers.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048537

Maharaj B. (2003). ‘Co operation…consultation and consent’: The failure of voluntary residential segregation in durban (1920 1945). ''South African Geographical Journal'', ''85''(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2003.9713793

McLaren K. (2004). "We had no desire to be set apart": Forced segregation of black students in Canada west public schools and myths of british egalitarianism. ''Histoire Sociale'', ''37''(73), 27-50. https://doi.org/

Potter C., Tilzey M. (2005). Agricultural policy discourses in the European post Fordist transition: Neoliberalism, neomercantilism and multifunctionality. ''Progress in Human Geography'', ''29''(5), 581-600. Arnold.https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph569oa

Carroll B. (2006). From fraternity to fracture: Black press coverage of and involvement in negro league baseball in the 1920s. ''American Journalism'', ''23''(2), 69-95. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2006.10678011

Rohleder P., Swartz L., Carolissen R., Bozalek V., Leibowitz B. (2008). "Communities isn't just about trees and shops": Students from two South African Universities engage in dialogue about 'community' and 'community work'. ''Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology'', ''18''(3), 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.918

Paces C. (2009). Prague panoramas: National memory and sacred space in the twentieth century. ''Prague Panoramas: National Memory and Sacred Space in the Twentieth Century'', 1-309. University of Pittsburgh Press.https://doi.org/

Ibrahim I. (201). Emigration patterns among palestinian women in Israel. ''Displaced at Home: Ethnicity and Gender among Palestinians in Israel'', 207-222. State University of New York Press.https://doi.org/

Lemon A. (2011). Residential Segregation: Apartheid. ''International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home'', 111-120. Elsevier.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-047163-1.00088-6

Valencia R.R. (2011). Segregation, desegregation, and integration of chicano students. ''Chicano School Failure and Success: Past, Present, and Future'', 42-75. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203835982-9

Feder J. (2012). Affirmative action in employment: A legal overview*. ''Affirmative Action and Preferential Treatment: Laws and Developments'', 57-79. Nova Science Publishers, Inc..https://doi.org/

Ngoc Yen L.H. (2018). The Nuns of Lepers: Compassion, Discipline and Surrogate Parenthood in a Former Leper Colony of Vietnam. ''Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology'', ''19''(4), 350-366. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2018.1480652

Williams J.R. (202). A working woman’s eye: Anne Fischer and the South African photography of Weimar women in exile. ''Women and Photography in Africa: Creative Practices and Feminist Challenges'', 23-44. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003087410-3

Wilson R., Faramelli A. (2022). Spaces of Refuge: The Clinical Practice of Félix Guattari and Institutional Psychotherapy. ''Deleuze and Guattari Studies'', ''16''(4), 623-641. Edinburgh University Press.https://doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2022.0497

Forced segregation - Revision history

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