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===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>=====
1995<br>
United States
===== Definition =====

Establishment segregation refers to the practice of separating facilities, businesses, or institutions based on race, ethnicity, religion, or other discriminatory factors. It typically involves the denial of access to certain establishments or services to individuals from marginalized or minority groups.

Historically, establishment segregation was prevalent in many countries, particularly during periods of racial and ethnic discrimination, such as African Americans in the United States during the Jim Crow era or apartheid in South Africa. Examples of establishment segregation include separate schools, restrooms, drinking fountains, transportation, restaurants, and other public facilities for different races or ethnicities.

While establishment segregation has been legally abolished in many countries, its effects continue to persist, particularly in social and economic disparities. Efforts to address and eliminate establishment segregation include anti-discrimination laws, affirmative action policies, and public awareness campaigns promoting inclusivity and equal access to all establishments and services.
===== Synonyms =====
The following terms are synonymous with establishment segregation:

establishment level segregation.

References and literature addressing this segregation form under these synonymous terms can be found below.
==See also==
==Related segregation forms==
Establishment segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

[[occupational segregation]], [[gender segregation]], [[industrial segregation]], [[sex segregation]], [[occupation establishment segregation]], [[vertical segregation]], [[social segregation]]
[[File:establishment_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]].

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication]

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters]

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality]

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).]
==References==
==Notes==
<references />
{{NoteAI}}
==Establishment segregation appears in the following literature==

Petersen T., Morgan L.A. (1995). Separate and unequal: occupation establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. ''American Journal of Sociology'', ''101''(2), 329-365. https://doi.org/10.1086/230727

Petersen T., Morgan L.A. (1995). Separate and unequal: occupation establishment sex segregation and the gender wage gap. ''American Journal of Sociology'', ''101''(2), 329-365. https://doi.org/10.1086/230727

Petersen T., Snartland V., Becken L.-E., Olsen K.M. (1997). Within job wage discrimination and the gender wage gap: The case of Norway. ''European Sociological Review'', ''13''(2), 199-213. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018212

Petersen T., Milgrom E.M.M., Snartland V. (2003). THE WITHIN JOB GENDER WAGE GAP, SWEDEN 1970 1990. ''Research in the Sociology of Organizations'', ''20''(), 319-353. JAI Press.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-558X(02)20012-9

Leping K.-O., Toomet O. (2008). Emerging ethnic wage gap: Estonia during political and economic transition. ''Journal of Comparative Economics'', ''36''(4), 599-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2008.08.002

Campos-Soria J.A., Ortega-Aguaza B., Ropero-García M.A. (2009). Gender segregation and wage difference in the hospitality industry. ''Tourism Economics'', ''15''(4), 847-866. IP Publishing Ltd.https://doi.org/10.5367/000000009789955152

Campos-Soria J.A., Ropero-García M.A. (2016). Gender segregation and earnings differences in the Spanish labour market. ''Applied Economics'', ''48''(43), 4143-4155. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2016.1153789

Campos-Soria J.A., Ropero-García M.A. (2016). Occupational Segregation and the Female Male Wage Differentials: Evidence for Spain. ''Gender Issues'', ''33''(3), 183-217. Springer New York LLC.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-015-9148-z

Fuller S. (2018). Segregation across workplaces and the motherhood wage gap: Why do mothers work in low wage establishments?. ''Social Forces'', ''96''(4), 1443-1476. Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sox087

Ferguson J.-P., Koning R. (2018). Firm Turnover and the Return of Racial Establishment Segregation. ''American Sociological Review'', ''83''(3), 445-474. SAGE Publications Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122418767438

Establishment segregation - Revision history

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