Academic segregation

2025-11-03T16:41:04Z

Mariafiszon: Included description from reference papers in third ans fourth paragraphs.

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>=====
1983<br>
United States
===== Definition =====

Academic segregation refers to the practice of separating students into different academic programs or educational tracks based on their perceived abilities or achievements. This segregation can occur within a single school or across different schools or districts.

There are different forms of academic segregation, including tracking and ability grouping. Tracking refers to the practice of placing students into different classes or programs based on their academic performance or potential. This can result in students being placed into lower or higher-level classes, often leading to disparities in resources and opportunities. Ability grouping involves separating students within a single classroom or grade level based on their abilities or skills in specific areas. This can lead to homogeneous groups where high-achieving students are grouped together while lower-achieving students are grouped separately. Such practices can perpetuate inequality and limit opportunities for disadvantaged students.

Unlike school segregation, academic segregation is related to how educational institutions proceed in pursue to maintain its academic performance, which leads to the exclusion of students with difficulties from the school environment. Some studies highlight that, in the United States, this form of segregation is not rooted in residential segregation, which is the case when approaching public schools segregation, as residential and public schools location are directly related.

Academic segregation is associated to unequal school conditions and limited access to educational resources. It relates to different aspects of education, school and students, including socioeconomic status, skin color, ethnicity, gender, language spoken at home, and differences between immigrant and non-immigrant students, in addition to the school location and school administration. Main results appear in the concentration of low-performing students and limitations of opportunities for them to continue their studies, especially in access to higher education.

The consequences of academic segregation can be far-reaching. It often exacerbates educational inequalities by disproportionately disadvantaging students from marginalized backgrounds. Those placed in lower-level tracks or groups may receive an inferior education, with reduced access to challenging coursework, advanced resources, and experienced teachers. Academic segregation can also influence students' self-esteem and sense of achievement, leading to long-term consequences for their educational and professional prospects.

Efforts to reduce academic segregation often focus on promoting inclusive and equitable education by providing all students with equal access to high-quality education. This includes implementing policies and practices that support mixed-ability classrooms, differentiated instruction, and the provision of additional support and resources to students who need it. Additionally, addressing systemic factors such as poverty, racial discrimination, and unequal funding can help reduce academic segregation and create a more equitable educational system.
==See also==
==Related segregation forms==
Academic segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

[[socioeconomic segregation]], [[racial segregation]], [[residential segregation]], [[school segregation]], [[social segregation]]
[[File:academic_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]].

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication]

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters]

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality]

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).]
==References==
==Notes==
<references />
{{NoteAI}}
==Academic segregation appears in the following literature==

Lynn Jr L.E. (1983). The emerging system for educating handicapped children ( USA).. ''Policy Studies Review'', ''2''(Special 1), 21-58. https://doi.org/

Garcia D.R. (2008). Academic and racial segregation in charter schools: Do parents sort students into specialized charter schools?. ''Education and Urban Society'', ''40''(5), 590-612. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124508316044

Ho E.S.-C. (201). Assessing the quality and equality of Hong Kong basic education results from PISA 2000+ to PISA 2006. ''Frontiers of Education in China'', ''5''(2), 238-257. Higher Education Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11516-010-0016-z

Jacobs D., Devleeshouwer P. (2015). Migrant children and educational challenges. ''Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies'', 198-205. Taylor and Francis.https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315759302-35

Back L., Tate M. (2015). For a sociological reconstruction: W.E.B. Du Bois, stuart hall and segregated sociology. ''Sociological Research Online'', ''20''(3), -. University of Surrey.https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.3773

Drake S. (2017). Academic segregation and the institutional success frame: unequal schooling and racial disparity in an integrated, affluent community. ''Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies'', ''43''(14), 2423-2439. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315868

Eastman M.G., Christman J., Zion G.H., Yerrick R. (2017). To educate engineers or to engineer educators?: Exploring access to engineering careers. ''Journal of Research in Science Teaching'', ''54''(7), 884-913. John Wiley and Sons Inc..https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21389

Kavadias D., Hemmerechts K., Spruyt B. (2017). Segregation and socialization: Academic segregation and citizenship attitudes of adolescents in comparative perspective?. ''Journal of Social Science Education'', ''16''(2), 29-40. Bielefeld University.https://doi.org/10.2390/jsse-v16-i2-1611

Hu W., Wang R. (2019). Segregation in urban education: Evidence from public schools in Shanghai, China. ''Cities'', ''87''(), 106-113. Elsevier Ltd.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.031

Leist S.A., Perry L.B. (202). Quantifying segregation on a small scale: how and where locality determines student compositions and outcomes taking Hamburg, Germany, as an example. ''School Effectiveness and School Improvement'', ''31''(3), 356-380. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2019.1688845

Knudson P. (2021). How institutional context shapes the accounts of school choice and boundary making among middle class parents in an urban school district. ''Qualitative Report'', ''26''(3), 808-831. Peace and Conflict Studies.https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4641

Oh S.J., Sohn H. (2021). The impact of the school choice policy on student sorting: evidence from Seoul, South Korea. ''Policy Studies'', ''42''(4), 415-436. Routledge.https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2019.1618807

Castro-Aristizabal G., Giménez-Esteban G., Arango-Londoño D., Moreno-Cediel E., Castillo-Caicedo M. (2022). Spatial Variation in Educational Quality in Colombia Based on the Phenomena of Agglomeration and Academic Segregation. ''European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education'', ''12''(8), 1006-1020. MDPI.https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12080072

Kuzmanic D., Valenzuela J.P., Villalobos C., Quaresma M.L. (2022). Reproduction of academic and socioeconomic segregation in the transition to postsecondary education: A new approach. ''Research in Social Stratification and Mobility'', ''80''(), -. Emerald Group Holdings Ltd..https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100711

Park segregation

2025-10-10T16:43:37Z

Mariafiszon: HIstorical context under Jim Crow segregation laws

===== Date and country of first publication<ref>Date and country of first publication as informed by the Scopus database (December 2023).</ref>=====
2007<br>
United States
===== Definition =====

Park segregation refers to the division of public parks based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. This was a common practice in the United States during the period of segregation laws, which prohibited people of different races from using the same facilities.

African americans had their access to parks restricted under Jim Crow segregation laws, with segregated park spaces provided for them following the "separate-but-equal" principle, even though, facilities for black people were inferior and in a much smaller number than those for whites people. Segregated parks included state, national, local, and private amusement parks in and near urban areas, as well as rural areas.

Despite the success of New Deal programs at constructing new parks, park facilities for African Americans were inferior and far less in number than parks for White people.

In many cities, parks were designated as "whites-only" or "blacks-only" spaces, with separate facilities such as restrooms, drinking fountains, and seating areas. This segregation was a way to enforce and perpetuate racial discrimination and inequality.

Today, park segregation is illegal under civil rights laws, and public parks are considered open to everyone regardless of race or background. However, there may still be instances of segregation based on socioeconomic factors, such as the availability of amenities in wealthier neighborhoods compared to those in lower-income areas.

Efforts are being made to ensure that public parks are accessible and inclusive to all members of the community, regardless of their background. This includes creating programs and initiatives to promote diversity and inclusivity in park spaces, as well as addressing any disparities in park resources and amenities.

==See also==
==Related segregation forms==
Park segregation is frequently discussed in the literature with the following segregation forms:

[[racial segregation]], [[social segregation]], [[school segregation]]
[[File:park_segregation.png|780x780px]]

This visualization is based on the study [[Segregation_Wiki:About| The Multidisciplinary Landscape of Segregation Research]].

For the complete network of interrelated segregation forms, please refer to:

* [https://tinyurl.com/2235lkhw First year of publication]

* [https://tinyurl.com/2d8wg5n3 Louvain clusters]

* [https://tinyurl.com/223udk5r Betweenness centrality]

* [https://tinyurl.com/244d8unz Disciplines in which segregation forms first emerged (Scopus database).]
==References==
==Notes==
<references />
{{NoteAI}}
==Park segregation appears in the following literature==

O'Brien W. (2007). The strange career of a Florida State Park: Uncovering a Jim Crow past. ''Historical Geography'', ''35''(), 160-184. https://doi.org/

O'Brien W.E. (2012). State parks and Jim crow in the decade before brown V. board of education. ''Geographical Review'', ''102''(2), 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2012.00141.x

Retzlaff R. (2021). Desegregation of City Parks and the Civil Rights Movement: The Case of Oak Park in Montgomery, Alabama. ''Journal of Urban History'', ''47''(4), 715-752. SAGE Publications Inc..https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144219877636

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Academic segregation

Park segregation